What is a hypothetical explanation for an occurrence that is based on prior knowledge called?

A hypothetical explanation for an occurrence that is based on prior knowledge is termed a "hypothesis." This concept is foundational in scientific research and experimentation. A hypothesis is formulated after gathering initial information and observations, and it proposes a potential explanation for a phenomenon that can be tested through further investigation.

In scientific methodology, a hypothesis serves as a starting point for empirical inquiry, allowing researchers to design experiments or studies that can confirm or refute the proposed explanation. Importantly, a hypothesis is not just any guess or assumption; it is crafted from existing knowledge and is structured so that it can be supported or disproved through research.

The other terms, while relevant to scientific discourse, have distinct meanings. A theory is a well-substantiated explanation that is derived from a body of evidence and has withstood extensive testing. A conclusion is derived from data analysis after an experiment and is the result of evaluating hypotheses. A proposition generally refers to a statement or assertion that expresses a judgment or opinion but does not carry the same specific scientific connotation as a hypothesis. Thus, the correct identification of a hypothesis is crucial for understanding its role in the scientific process.